翻訳と辞書 Words near each other ・ Bark ・ Bark (album) ・ Bark (company) ・ Bark (disambiguation) ・ BARK (organization) ・ Bark (short story collection) ・ Bark (sound) ・ Bark Along with The Young Snakes ・ Bark anole ・ Bark at the Moon ・ Bark at the Moon (song) ・ Bark at the Moon Tour ・ Bark Bark Disco ・ Bark Beater ・ Bark beetle ・ Bark bread ・ Bark cloth ・ Bark hack ・ Bark Hide and Horn ・ Bark isolate ・ Bark Lake (Ontario) ・ Bark Like a Dog ・ Bark mantis ・ Bark Marques ・ Bark mill ・ Bark Mitzvah ・ Bark painting ・ Bark paper ・ Bark Point, Wisconsin ・ Bark Psychosis Dictionary Lists mini英和辞書 mini和英辞書 Webster 1913 Latin-English FOLDOC Wikipedia English ウィキペディア

翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Bark bread ： ウィキペディア英語版 Bark bread Bark bread is a form of famine food made by adding ground phloem to the flour as an extender to make it last longer. ==History== Bark bread seems to be a primarily Scandinavian tradition. Mention of it is found in medieval literature and may have an even older tradition among the Sami people. During the 18th and early 19th century Northern Europe experienced several very bad years of crop failure, particularly during the Little Ice Age of the mid-18th century. The grain harvest was badly affected, and creative solutions to make the flour last longer were introduced. In 1742, samples of “emergency bread” were sent from Kristiansand, Norway, to the Royal Administration in Copenhagen, among them bark bread, bread made from grainless husks and bread made from burned bones. During the Napoleonic Wars, moss too was used for human consumption. The last time bark bread was used as famine food in Norway was during the Napoleonic Wars. The introduction of the potato as a staple crop gave the farmers alternative crops when grain production failed, so that bark bread and moss cakes were no longer needed. In Northern Sweden, traces of Sami harvest of bark from Scots pine are known from the 1890s, and in Finland ''pettuleipä'' (literally "pinewood-bark bread") was produced as ersatz bread during the Finnish Civil War of 1918.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bark bread」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.